“It's a complex mixture of chemistry, biology, and physics,” says Scripps oceanographer Grant Deane, co-principal investigator of Soars.Up until now, scientists could run complex computer climate models to estimate, say, how increasing CO2 levels might change the chemistry of surface waters.

“There’s almost no evidence that cheese causes weight gain—and in fact, there’s evidence that it’s neutral at worst,” says Dariush Mozaffarian, the lead author of the 2011 paper and dean of the Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy.

Author Amy Fairchild, dean of Ohio State University’s College of Public Health, and coauthors argue that policymakers, in their rush to address the surge in lung illnesses and teen vaping, may be depriving millions of adult smokers of a safer alternative to combustible cigarettes.

“New machine learning capabilities or research results might enable us to do new things that Google doesn't now,” says Dean.

“NIWA depends on the Unified Model for its forecasting and predictions of New Zealand’s weather and climate and it will be more critical for us in the future as we adapt to a changing climate.” Dr Dean says the Unified Model provides a platform for collaboration that enables development beyond what would be possible by a single organisation.

NIWA’s Chief Scientist, Climate, Atmosphere and Hazards, Dr Sam Dean says that by making sound choices now, and in the future, farmers can adapt, increase resilience, and reduce risks and costs for themselves and future owners of their farms.

Dr Sam Dean, NIWA's chief scientist of climate, says while farmers are known for their resilience and ability to adapt to changing conditions, climate change will almost certainly go beyond any previous experience.